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A Course of Study 
in Farm Shop Work 



For Rural and Village 
High Schools 




Prepared by 

RAY FIFE 

STATE SUPERVISOR OF AGRICULTURE 

STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 



VERNON M. RIEGEL 

SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

AS DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION 

STATE OF OHIO 

1921 



A COURSE OF STUDY IN 
FARM SHOP WORK 



For Rural and Village High Schools 



Prepared by 

RAY FIFE 

STATE SUPERVISOR OF AGRICULTURE 

STATE DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATION 

COLUMBUS, OHIO 



VERNON M- RIEGEL 

SUPERINTENDENT OF PUBLIC INSTRUCTION 

AS DIRECTOR OF EDUCATION 

STATE OF OHIO 

1921 



Columbus, Ohio: 

The F. J. Heer Printing Co. 

1921 

Bound at State Bindery. 



3^^^ 

^\^ 
' \^^ 



LIBRARY OF CONGRESS 

FEB 281922 

OOCUMClMT^ ^.%.^tON 



^5 



ACKNOWLEDGMENT 



The writer wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor L. 
M. Roehl, Farm Shop Supervisor, Cornell University, for much of the 
Course of Study included in thjs bulletin. Also to Professors F. W. Ives 
and G. W. McCuen, Agricultural En.gineering Department, Ohio State 
University, for suggestions on belt lacing and painting. 

- - (3) 



INTRODUCTION 



It would be difficult, if not impossible to prove the correctness of 
the statement of the ancient Greek philosopher that the superiority of 
man over the inferior animals is due to his having hands. There is in. 
man, however, an instinctive impulse to construct, which has resulted in 
his becoming a maker of things. His ability to create is a manifestation 
of an innate, divine principle which causes him to be in the image of his 
Creator. 

There is such an intimate relation between the hand and the brain 
that the hand is believed to be more directly connected with the brain 
than the other sense organs. The hand of the mental imbecile is listless, 
expressionless, and lacks the power of precision of movement. The 
frankness and honesty of manual expression more accurately reveals 
character than the face, the expression of which man has learned to 
control so as to deceive. Helen, Keller says : "Not only is the hand 
as easy to recognize as the face but it reveals its secrets more openly and 
unconsciously. People control their countenances, but the hand is under 
no such restraint. It relaxes and becomes listless when the spirit is low 
and depressed ; the muscles tighten when the mind is excited or the heart 
is glad, and permanent qualities stand written in it at all times." Ex- 
President Eliot of Harvard University declares: "Accurate work with 
carpenter's tools, lathe, or hammer and anvil, or violin, or piano, or 
pencil, or crayon, or camel's hair brush trains well the same nerves and 
ganglia with which we do what is ordinarily called thinking." Professor 
Francis W. Parker remarks : "It is impossible to do all-sided, educative 
work without training in hand work. Manual training is the most im- 
portant factor in all education. Making has done more for the human 
race than the exercise of any, if not all, of the other modes of ex- 
pression." Professor John Dewey says : "The child who employs his 
hands intelligently in the school room, in due preparation, is satisfying 
one of the most powerful interests within him. He is cheerful, he is a 
picture of health, and his best emotions and impulses are easily kept 
active. The greatest mistake in education consists in shutting children 
away from nature, and in trying to teach them almost entirely from 
books." 

We were a long time in finding out these important truths and our 
dilatoriness in acting upon them, after having discovered them, subjects 
us to most severe censure. We are conscious that action as well as 
thought is necessary to make education complete, yet we go on turning 
out products of our schools that are bookish, theoretical, and imprac- 

(5) 



tical — men and women who know but who cannot do. Science has been 
separated from art, and history, mathematics, and Hterature have been 
emphasized without practical appHcation to actual conditions. Achieve- 
ment can be honestly measured only when ideas are expressed in deeds. 

Manual activity causes a proper attitude toward work. Ideals of 
the past whereby education was thought to give culture and distinction, 
exempting the individual from social service and qualifying him for 
the aristocracy of idleness, must be rejected. The purpose of schooling 
is not to prepare the boy to make a living without work. Ruskin well 
said, "Life without labor is a crime." There are thousands of men and 
women in the world today who are misfits in society and who are 
trying to make a living without work because they have never discov- 
ered their predominating powers and capabilities and because they have 
never learned to have a proper conception, of labor. Manual labor is 
not menial nor degrading and a boy should consider it a privilege to 
put on his overalls and go into the workshop, into the factory, or to the 
farm. 

That the manual and mental in education in the rural and village 
schools may be more properly and honestly balanced, this course in farm 
shop work has been prepared. Its adoption is urged that practical stand- 
ards in manual training may be established. The activities to be per- 
formed in pursuance thereof in every particular are closely correlated 
with farm life, thereby blending school and industrial interests. By 
proper instruction this course will become one of the most important 
elements of the complete education of the country boy. 

Respectfully submitted, 

Vernon M. Riegel, 
Superintendent of Public histruction, 
as Director of Education. 



Probably the best justification for farm shop work can be found io 
its definition, viz. "Farm shop work consists of teaching the farm boys 
to do the ordinary repair and construction work that arises on the farm 
with such tools and equipment as the average farmer may reasonably be 
expected to have." 

"That farm shop course is of most value to the farm boys that 
offers the widest range of such mechanical experiences as boys will en- 
counter as farmers." 

"Any mechanical or other experience that does not function on the 
farm has no place in the farm shop course in the school." 

While farm shop instruction thus becomes vocational to the boy 
who remains on the farm on account of its direct association with home 
interests, it is also more interesting and more valuable to the student 
who enters other pursuits. 

The writer is aware of the fact that this treatment of farm shop is 
a mere beginning. Many phases of shop work which can be easil-y 
and economically treated in a course of reasonable length have been 
entirely omitted. No attempt has been, made to give specific detailed 
directions or methods for instruction. While the importance of tech- 
nical direction is not minimized, our first concern is that rural school 
superintendents, supervisors, and manual arts instructors realize the 
demands of modern rural education for farm shop instruction. 

Purpose and Place of Farm Shop Work 

A farm shop course in the rural high school should be conducted 
with four primary aims in view : 

r . It should give practice in all the common tool operations with 
special emphasis on those operations which the boy will use 
most on the farm. 

2. It should be planned so that each article can be put to prac- 
tical use on a farm in the community when completed. 

3. It should be correlated with the agricultural interests of the 
home, particularly with the projects of boys enrolled in agri- 
cultural classes or in boys' agricultural clubs. 

4. It should result in a farm shop on every farm with the neces- 
sary tools required to do the farm repair and construction work. 

In presenting this material it is realied that it is a step very far 
removed from present practices in Ohio. As one author has aptly .stated, 
the manual arts work of our rural schools has consisted mainly in a 
bodily transposition of manual training and drawing courses from the 

(7) 



8 

city schools to the schools of the rural community. Generally speaking, 
instructors have been concerned only with giving skill in the use of 
woodworking tools, and mental and physical training regardless of any 
practical application. With the almost incredible growth of the con- 
soHdation movement in the state and the consequent extension of the 
facilities for the proper kind of rural education, the continuation of 
such teaching practices becomes increasingly serious. 

In many rural high schools of the state there is an immediate need 
for a new vision of shop work on the part of those in charge of it. 
Superintendents and teachers should be as vitally concerned with shop 
work functioning directly in the present and probable future life of the 
farm boy as the English teacher in stimulating the use of correct Eng- 
lish in the pupils' everyday life. In urging a new viewpoint in the 
rural shop instruction of Ohio, we do not wish to minimize the import- 
ance of the mastery of tool operations. They become of added im- 
portance if applied in such a manner that the finished product must 
stand the test of practical use. 

Fortunately, the added aims are not antagonistic to the previous 
ones. A course in farm shop work which will have a direct economic 
and practical relation to a boy's home life can give as complete a mastery 
of tool operations as the other type of course. In fact such a course 
should be even more effective in the teaching of such operations on 
account of the added interest which would result from a closer correla- 
tion of school and home life. 

Any treatment of the farm shop problem must take into account the 
difficulties which such a course will encounter at the present time if an 
attempt is made to include it in the curriculum of the average rural high 
or elementary school. The many manual training departments of the 
state already established are equipped for wood working only, usually of 
the "cabinet making" type. Farm shop work as such is a comparatively 
new subject hence few teaching helps such as textbooks, etc., are avail- 
able. The number of trained instructors who can present any phase 
of the work except woodworking is negligible. 

It will be found, however, that the equipment required will be in- 
expensive when, compared with much of the equipment already installed 
in existing manual training departments, especially if the criterion is 
applied that "All farm shop work must be done with such tools as the 
farmer can be expected to have and use on his farm." With the marked 
attention which is being given to the subject in many states, text books, 
courses of study, etc., are rapidly becoming available. Standards of 
work are developing with equal rapidity. Furthermore, the successful 
manual training teacher wlio has the farm shop point of view, will 
require but little additional training in preparation for the added phases 
of work. 



Rooms for the School Farm Shop 

The question frequently arises, "Should the school farm shop be 
located in a separate building or in a room of the regular school plant?" 
Each plan has certain advantages. The separate building removes all 
question of any noise interfering with other class work, provides easy 
entrance for bringing farm machinery into the shop building and per- 
mits of conditions and arrangements like those found on the farm. On 
the other hand, facilities for heating and lighting, building economy, in- 
convenience in changing classes, and numerous other factors unques- 
tionably favor the plan of locating the shop in the regular school plant. 

Where space has not been provided in the present school plant, the 
farm shop work can be cared for very well in a separate building. With 
either plan certain facilities not found in present buildings must be pro- 
vided. 

Home Work 

There is an increasing tendency on the part of superintendents and 
farm shop instructors to arrange for shop projects at the home or on 
the farm, e. g., a boy may be caring for the home flock of poultry, 
in which case he may wish to arrange for a shop project in the construc- 
tion, or alteration and repair of a poultry house. 




Applying the finishing touches to a shop project that is related directly to 
home and project needs. Raymond Clark, Grove City, Ohio, constructed this self- 
feeder at a cost of only $24 for use on the home farm. 



lO 

Home work presupposes sufficient tools at home for the perform- 
ance of the project and sufficient skill to perform the work without the 
close supervision common to the school shop. 

School credit should be given for shop work done at home as well 
as for work done in the school farm shop, providing" such home work 
can be properly supervised. Where credits on home work have been 
based entirely on the reports of the pupil, the results have often been 
unsatisfactory. 

The Home Shop 

The value of a shop at home should be emphasized throughout the 
course. Whenever possible, the instructor should visit the pupil's home 
and discuss with him desirable places for the location of the shop. It 
may be desirable to take the entire class to nearby homes for this pur- 
pose. A consideration of the home shop should be included in the sub- 
ject matter of the course. 

The Farm Shop Instructor 

The cjuestion has arisen, particularly in schools having departments 
of vocational agriculture, as to who should teach the farm shop course. 
Generally, the course should be taught by the regular manual arts in- 
structor, even though this may mean additional preparation on his part 
combined with a radical revision of his present point of view. He has 
the technical skill in tool operation which the average agricultural in- 
structor does not possess. He may be handicapped somewhat by not 
coming in close contact with the home interests and needs but this defi- 
ciency can be overcome by close cooperation with the agricultural in- 
structor if the school has a department of vocational agriculture, or by 
visits to the boys' homes. 

If the school has no regular manual training instructor, or does not 
offer manual training courses, the farm shop work should be correlated 
with the agricultural course in the school and taught by the agricultural 
instructor. 

Methods of Instruction 

Farm Shop work can well l)e taught by the project method. The 
project method allows each boy to work on articles, in construction or 
repair work, adapted to his skill in the use of tools and to his individual 
interests. It also offers a ready solution to the problem of adjusting 
the work to home interests where farm boys and village boys are enrolled 
in the same class. The use of the project method, adapted to the boys' 
home interests will necessitate a knowledge of such interests on the part 
of the instructor. In case a boy is engaged in agricultural project work, 
it should be drawn upon for his farm shop projects. 

Farm shop instructors should also make free use of the demonstra- 
tion. It is far more desirable that the instructor demonstrate the plan- 



II 

ing of a board, the fitting of a saw or the making of a harness stitching 
thread than to attempt such instruction through "lecturing". 

According to present high school standards, farm shop instruction 
will usually be given, in a double period of at least ninety minutes. The 
early part of some periods should be given over to the various demon- 
strations mentioned above. Parts of other periods may be devoted to a 
consideration of such problems as kinds and strengths of lumbers adapted 
to various uses, Imilders' hardware, including kinds and size of nails, 
hinges, locks, bolts, etc., adapted to common farm use. Farm shop 
experience has pro\en that a boy is usually as ignorant of proper selec- 
tion of materials as of tool operations. 

Extent of the Farm Shop Course 

The fact that a comparatively comprehensive program for farm 
shop work is offered should not be regarded as an encouragement to 
attempt such a program without adequate equipment and adequate prep- 
aration on the part of the instructor. Such an experiment might easily 
result in a hodgepodge of manual processes which would mark but little 
improvement over the boys' present practices. While the making of a 
*titched harness splice or the soldering of a tin pail may be a simple 
process compared to the construction of a library table or a buffet, there 
is a proper procedure for each performance. 

The following course also presupposes that woodworking, at least, 
has been given in the grades. Unless such work has been offered, a 
farm shop instructor should not attempt to complete the entire program 
of work in one year. If not more than one year's work can be offered, 
the instructor should carefully analyze the course -from the standpoint 
of community needs in order that the less valuable parts may be omitted. 

It should ])e constantly kept in mind that we are not training pro- 
fessional draftsmen, cabinet makers, carpenters, harness makers, tinners 
or machinists ; that the boy and especially the farm boy, in his future 
life, will be concerned far more with repair work than with construction. 
Such thoughts should greatly influence the kind of instruction, the choice 
of projects and the amount of time devoted tO' the different divisions of 
the course. 

Course of Study 

In preparing the following outline, while but little local experience 
could be drawn upon, care was taken to recommend only those problems 
and operations which are justified by the experience of instructors and 
supervisors, elsewhere, where farm shop courses are prevalent. The 
farm shop instructor is urged to study the needs and shop practices of 
the community in which he is working. It is far more desirable that he 
plan his course and secure his shop projects directly from such sources 
than from book or bulletin. 



12 

In listing the subject matter of the farm shop course, no attempt 
at proper sequence has been made. It is presumed, however, that wood- 
working will usually be the first subject considered. With many sub- 
jects, if the instructor endeavors to adapt his work to community needs, 
he will ascertain that there is usually a proper place in the course for 
each subject, e. g., harness work should commonly be given, during the 
late winter months before the opening of spring farm operations. Har- 
ness can then be brought from the homes of the boys for actual work in 
cleaning, oiling and repairing. In communities where 'sugaring" is com- 
mon., no better time for instruction in soldering can be found than during 
the period when equipment is being repaired, prior to the opening of the 
season. Usually these arrangements can be made without seriously dis- 
turbing the so-called logical arrangement of subject matter. 

We need only study the practices of farmers to realize the very great 
importance of repair work on the farm. If our farm shop work is to 
function, there is then, a need for a marked emphasis of repair work in 
the farm shop course. One authority has stated "that at least fifty per 
cent of the farm shop course should be devoted to repair work." 

No attempt has be^n made to completely separate repair and con- 
struction jobs in the suggested course which follows. Each instructor 
should work out with his students a -list of repair jobs which are prac- 
tical for the community. This practice can be followed with construction 
work as well but it is particularly valuable with repair work since the 
problems must be taken directly from the pupils' homes. 



THE FARM SHOP COURSE 
Agricultural Drawing. 

1 . Reading working drawin,gs, including reading of plans of farm 
buildings. 

2. Sketches (free hand) in isometric of parts of farm appliances, 
equipment, buildings etc. All work is to be done as need for it 
arises. Work is to be done in pencil only. 

3. Working drawings of appliances in shop. 

4. Lettering and dimensioning, and necessary drawing terms to be 
given as needed. 

Farm Woodworking. 

I . Selection of tools. 

a. Kind of tools. 

b. Exact name of each. 

c. Size. 

d . Quality. 

e. Uses to which adopted. 



13 

2. Care of tools. 

a. Oiling. 

b. Storing. 

c . Sharpening. 

3 . Sources. 

b. Bills of material. 

The precding points on selection and care of tools and materials and 
supplies required may well be repeated in. each phase of the course. 

4. Mastery of farm shop tool operations through the construction 
of practical farm and home appliances. 

A teacher should make a careful analysis of each boy's work so that 
he may know which operations he already uses skillfully and those in 
which he needs more training and practice. 

Pupils should be expected to perform tool operations with a reason- 
able degree of speed and accuracy. The instructor shold have these 
operations in. mind when the pupils' shop projects are planned, with the 
idea of including them in their work without at the same time sacrificing 
home and individual interests. 

CARPENTRY TOOL OPERATIONS 

measuring sawing 

marking ripping 

squaring cross grain 




In constructing this gate Paul White used the following tool operations : 
cross sawing rip sawing, planing, bevelling, boring, counter sinking, and screwing. 
Skill and neatness in the performance of tool operations are worthy ends in shop 
instruction. 



H 



planing 

boring 

countersinking 

shaving 

chiseling 

hewing 

scraping 

wood filing 

plumbing 

leveling 

gluing 



nailing 

screw driving and drawing 

tapering 

mortising and tenoning 

beveling and chamfering 

rounding 

doweling 

sanding 

wood filing 

assembling 



SUGGESTED PROBLEMS IN WOODWORKING 

CROPS PROBLEMS 
6 



Seed testers. 
Seed corn rack. 
Seed corn tree. 
Potato grader. 
Hay rack. 



Exhibition tray for corn. 

7. Seed cabinets. 

8. Seed corn sled. 
Q. Sled cutter. 



LIVE STOCK PROBLEMS 



Self feeder for hogs. 


9- 


Hog trough. 


10. 


Hog hurdles. 


II . 


Hog chute. 


12. 


Hog rack for hauling. 


13- 


Individual hog house. 


14. 


Colony hog house. 


15- 


Individual hog crate. 





Feed rack. 

Milk stool. 

Dehorning chute. 

Dairy record sheet board. 

Grain trough for sheep. 

Shearing table. 

Wool baling press. 



POULTRY PROBLEMS 



Egg tester 
Feed hopper. 
Poultry house. 
Colony house. 
Shipping crate. 
Trap nests. 



/ • 
8. 

9- 
10. 
II . 



Brooder. 
Feed trough. 
Water trough. 
Show crate. 
Poultry catching hook. 



GARDENING AND ORCHARD PROBLEMS 



Hot bed. 

Cold frame. 

Fruit picking ladder. 

Step ladder. 

Garden, marker. 

Tree or shrub labels. 



7 
8 

9 
10 

II 



Plot or row marker. 
Sorting table. 
Apple box press. 
Berry stand. 
Dibbles. 



15 



PROBLEMS IN EQUIPPING THE HOxME FARM SHOP 

Farm work bench. 6. Lumber rack. 



2 . 


Bench stop. 


7 ■ 


Saw filing clamp. 




3- 


Bench hook. 


8. 


Harness stitching 


horse 


4- 


Tool cabinet. 


9- 


Harness stitching 


clamp. 


5- 


Saw horses. 










MISCELLANEOUS PROBLEMS OF HOME AND FARM 




I . 


Bread board. 


13- 


Evener. 




2. 


Nail and staple box. 


14. 


Neck yoke. 




3- 


Small step ladder. 


15- 


Scoop board. 




4- 


Ladder. 


16. 


Wood box. 




5- 


Bag holder. 


17- 


Sled. 




6. 


Folding bench. 


18. 


Bird house. 




7- 


Ironing board. 


19. 


Dog house. 




8. 


Fly trap. 


20. 


Farm gate. 




9- 


Door screen. 


21 . 


Wagon box. 




ro. 


Window screen. 


22. 


Spring seat. 




II . 


Wagon jack. 


^3- 


Window box. 




12. 


Single tree. 









CARPENTRY REPAIR WORK 

BUILDING REPAIR PROBLEMS 

Shingling a roof. 4- Floor of farm building. 



I. 

2. Door of farm building. 

3. Window of farm building 



f). 



Bins in granary. 
Replacing a door sill. 



Farm gate. 
Feeding rack. 
Rung in ladder. 
Step ladder. 
Reel on grain binder. 



APPLIANCE ROAD PROBLEMS 

6. Fitting handle of fork, 
hoe, rake, etc. 

7. Parts of hay rack. 

8. Scoop board. 

9. Breeding crate. 
10. Door. 



Tool Sharpening. 

Commonly any problems in sharpening tools would be regarded 
as a direct part of the course in metal working and woodworking. 
They are given separate treatment in this discussion because many 
schools may not be able to include a course in metal working at an 
early date. The tool sharpening, of course, cannot wait until metal 
working can be included. In training carpenters or mechanics, many 
instructors would place no unusual emphasis upon such work. The 
■ average condition of tools on the farm will usually merit special 



i6 




Sharp tools are necessary for good workmanship. Farm Shop instruction 
includes practice in tool sharpening with the use of practical labor-saving equip- 
ment. 

consideration from the farm shop instructor. After a boy has 
learned to fit tools properly he should be allowed to bring saws, 
chisels, plane bits, etc., from home and fit them as a part of his shop 
work. Such work should be correlated with the woodworking and 
metal working. In this connection the temper of tools and drawing 
of temper may be studied. 



Grinding. 



2. 

3. 
4- 
4- 
6. 

7- 



PROBLEMS IN TOOL SHARPENING 

Study of grinders suited to farm use, the grindstone vs. high 

speed, foot power grinders. 

Grind and whet a chisel. 

Grind and whet a plane bit. 

Grind and wheat a draw knife. 

Grind and whet a draw knife. 

Grind and whet an axe or hatchet. 

Grind and whet a butcher knife. 

Grind and whet a cold chisel. 



Filing. 
I . 

2. 

3- 

4- 

5- 



17 



Filing a hand rip saw. 

Filing a hand cross cut saw. 

Gumming a cross cut saw (timber saw). 

Filing a cross cut saw. 

Filing an auger bit. 



Painting. 

1 . Selection of brush. 

2. Selection of paint or varnish. 

3. Proper mixing of paint. 

4. Preparation of surface. 

5 . Tinting. 

6. Use of thinners and driers. 

7. Care of brush. 

8. Care of unused paint. 

9. Application. 
10. Problems. 

Harness Work. 

Harness work should consist almost entirely of repair problems. 
The ease of purchasing harness, halters, etc., should make it unnecessary 
and impractical for the farmer to make them. The average farmer con- 
siders himself fortunate if he has the ability and time to do his repair 
work properly. 



HARNESS REPAIR PROBLEMS 

Make a stitching thread. 

Make a stitched harness splice. 

Punching and riveting. 

Use a riveting tool. 

Taking harness apart. 

Cleaning harness. 

Oiling harness. 

Selecting and applying repair parts. 

Riveting and applying repair parts. 

(a) Replacing a broken hame staple. 

(b) Replacing a broken cockeye. 

(c) Repairing a trace with a trace splicer, 

(d) Riveting in place of hame clip. 

(e) Repairing a trace with two hame clips and a link. 

(f) Attaching a buckle with a riveting tool and tubular rivets, 
(g) Replacing a hame clip. 



Rope Work. 

Instruction in rope work should be designed to do a few things well. 
When a multiplicity of knots, hitches, etc., is taught, the student will sel- 
dom retain a knowledge of any of them. For this reason the list is con- 
fined to those for which the student will find a frequent need at home. 
Whatever emphasis is placed on rope work should be given to frequent 
practice with the idea of fixing the operations firmly in mind. 

1 . Uses of rope on the farm. 

2. Finishing rope ends. 

a . Whipping. 

b. Crown and end splice. 

3. Splicing. 

a. Short. 

b . Long. 

c. End. 

4. Making hitches and halters. 

a. Half hitch. 

b . Clove. 

c. Timber. 

d. Rope halter. 

e. Double bowline. 

5 . Making knots. 

a . Bowline. 

b . Manager. 

c. Weavers. 

d. Square knot. 

e. Slip. 

f . Miller's. 

Belt Lacing. 

Selection of punch. 
Spacing of holes. 

3. Proper use of an awl. 

4. Methods of fastening ends of thong. 

5. Problems. 

a. Lacing with rawhide. 

b. Lacing with patent belt lacing. 

c. Cutting belt for proper length. 

Metal Working. 

Again the instructor should keep before himself the practicability of 
home application of his instruction, e. g., in forge work much time might 



19 

be given to the construction or repair of log chains when they could be 
more economically secured by purchase and their repair taken care of by 
the purchase of patent links commonly kept in stock at hardware stores 
or on the farm. The same mechanical experiences can be secured by 
the student in other construction and repair problems which will not 
admit of purchase. 

The inclusion in the farm shop course of farm blacksmithing and 
particularly farm plumbing will need to be given careful consideration. 
The community availability of blacksmiths and plumbers, amount of time 
given to shop work in the high school curriculum, probable financial ex- 
penditure necessary for equipment and supplies, ability of the instructor, 
desires of the students and parents are factors which should govern the 
inclusion, or omission of this work. 

When selecting tools for such work it must be kept in mind that the 
average farmer's equipment of necessity will be limited. 



Selection of farm metal working tools. 

Care and housing of tools. 

Saw filing (included under "Tool Sharpening"). 

Grinding (included under "Tool Sharpening"). 

Drilling. 

a. Study of drill outfits suited to farm use. 

1 . Brace and drill. 

2. Chain drill. 

3. Breast drill. 

4. Post drill. 

b. Grinding drills. 

c. Locating holes and center punching. 

d. Size of drills needed in farm repair work. 

e . Problems. 

1 . To bore a hole of a given size at a given point by the 
use of a vise. 

2. To bore a hole of a given, size at a given point in the 
various positions in a farm machine. 

Vise Work. 

a. Hack sawing. 

b . Punching. 

c . Chiseling. 

d . Riveting. 

e. Filing. 

f . Problems which give practice in a, b, c, d, e. 



20 

7- Taps and dies. 

a. Kinds needed on the farm. 

b. Sizes required for farm repairing. 

c. Use of oil. 

d. Problems in overhauling of farm machinery and other 
farm appliances. 

8. Soldering. 

a. Selection of an outfit suitable for farm use. 

b. Operating a blow torch. 

c. Preparation of surface to be soldered. 

d. Fluxes and their use. 

e. Tinning a soldering iron, 

f. Problems. 

1 . Soldering a small hole in tin. or galvanized iron. 

2. Soldering a seam in a pan or pail. 

3. Patching a hole in any sheet metal. 

4. Riveting sheet metal. 

Practice in soldering may be continued by having pupils bring leaky 
pails, pans, cans, etc., from home. 

9. Farm blacksmithing. 

a. The forge suitable for farm repair work. 

b. Building and keeping a fire. 

c. Operations. 

Upsetting. Straightening. 

Drawing out. Bending. 

Shaping or forming. Punching. 

Tempering. Measuring. 

Babbitting, Cutting hot metal. 
Heating. 

d . Problems. 

1 . Shaping and tempering cold chisels and punches. 

2. Sharpening a pick axe. 

3 . All such work as arises in overhauling farm machinery. 

4. Babbitting drive shaft on mower. 

FARM SHOP EQUIPMENT 
Woodworking. 

The following are required, one for each pupil: 
Bench hook (shop made). 
Bench stop (shop made). 

Carpenter's hammer, ^ of total number of hammers in shop, bell 
face, adz eye, curved claw; ^ plain face, straight claw. 



21 

Jack plane, iron, 14 inches long, 2 inch cutter. 
Ruler, two foot, four fold. 
Square, try, 9 inch. 

GENERAL EQUIPMENT 

Number required for 8 boys : 

I— complete set augur bit: V^" , 5/16'', -/s", 7/i6", Yi" , 9/16'', 

^", ii/i6^ %", 13/16", li", IS/16" and I". 
2 — bits, screw driver, ys" and 5/16" tip. 
3 — braces, ratchet, one 8", one ig", one 12". 
II — Chisels, socket, firmer, one j^'', one ^i'', one }i", two 3/^", 

one ^", one ^'', one %'\ two i", one 13/^''. 
2 — clamps, carpenter's steel bar 4'. 




In addition to holding tools of high quality the tool cabinet should be a 
model in convenience and orderliness of what the shop cabinet at home might be. 



2 — counter sink, Rose. 

2 — dividers, loose leg, wing, one 8", one lo". 

2 — draw knife, 8". 

1 — set square shank, bit stock drills, for wood or metal, 4/32", 

5/32", 6/32", 7/32-, and 8/32". 

2 — files, mill cut, 10". 

6 — files, slim taper, triangular, 6". 
6 — files, regular taper, triangular, 8". 
2 — files, slim taper, triangular, 5". 
I — cross cut saw file (Great American). 



22 

I — file, augur bit. 

1 — file card (cleaner). 

2 — gauge marking, plain. 

2 — glass cutter, (Red Devil). 

I — grinder, emery or carborundum, high geared, with one course 

and one medium grit wheel, with foot pedal. 
I — level and plumb, wood, 26". 
I — mallet (more, if shop made). 
4 — nail sets, assorted. 

1 — oiler. 

2 — oil stones, coarse (80 grit) and fine (120 grit) face car- 

borundum. 

2 — pliers, assorted. 
I — pincers. 

I — putty knife. 

I — pinch bar 2'. 

I — plane, block, adjustable, 6". 

3 • — saws, crosscut, 24" ; 8 or 9 point. 

1 — saw, crosscut 22", 10 point. 

2 — saws, rip, 24", 6 point. 
I — nest, compass saws. 

I — saw, coping, with dozen blades. 

I — saw, hack, 10", extension frame, with dozen blades. 

I — saw set. 

1 — saw vise (can be shop made). 

3 — screw drivers, one 4", one 6", and one 12". 

2 — sliding T bevels. One 6" and one 8". 
2 — squares, steel, 16" x 24", polished. 

— miter square, adjustable. 

— bench screw, i" iron (one for each home made vise). 

— wrench, monkey, 10", knife handle. 

— center punch. 

— bit, expansion, }i" to 3" (Steers Patent). 

— vise, blacksmith's, solid box, 3^", width of jaw. 

Optional : 

I — plane, fore, 18" iron, 2" cutter. 
I — saw, back, 12". 

Drawing 

INDIVIDUAL EQUIPMENT 

I — drawing board, 14" x 20". 

drawing paper. 
I — wooden T square, 24". 
I — 6" 45 degree angle triangle. 



23 

— 8" 3o and 60 degree angle triangle. 

— scale (ordinary foot rule may be used). 

— compass. 

— lead eraser. 

— doz. thumb tacks. 

DEPARTMENT EQUIPMENT 

(For use of teacher only.) 
I — large drawing board. 
I — large T square. 
I — 8" 45 degree angle triangle. 
I — 12" 30 and 60 degree angle triangle. 
3 — assorted irregular curves. 
I — set drawinsT instruments. 



Harness Repair Tools and Supplies 

6 — sewing awls, assorted. 
6 — awl hafts. 

— knife, harness maker's, straight. 

— punch, revolving, four or six tubes. 

— sewing horse (made in shop). 

— pound black shoe maker's wax. 

— paper needles. No. 7. 

— ball harness thread, No. 10 white. 

— boxes 50 assorted split rivets. 

— cake black harness soap. 

— quart can harness dressing. 

— pint Miller's edge ink. 

— riveting machine (Rex). 

— package Swede tacks, ^4". 

6 — boxes tubular harness rivets, assorted. 

— half pound iron rivets, ^" to J4". 

— pricking wheel. No. 6. 

— wheel marker. 

— hammer (riveting). ' 

Optional : 

I — draw gauge. 
I — round knife. 
I — edging tool. 

HARNESS REPAIR PARTS 

(Advisable to carry in stock in the School Farm Shop.) 
6 — i" sham roller buckles. 
6 — i'" wire bent heel harness buckles. 



24 

6 — repair clips for end of hame. 
6 — wrought iron ^" hame staples with washers. 
6 — ^'' hame staples with washers. 
6 — bottom hame repair loops. 
4 — common line rings and studs. 
2 — pairs hold-back plates and rings. 
I — pound i" and V4" soft iron hame rivets. 
18 — ^ Conway loops, assorted. 
6 — screw cock eyes. i%". 
6 — wrought Concern clips. 

1 — box assorted repair dees. 
6 — 1" buckle shields. 

12 — repair roller buckles. 
12 — assorted snaps. 

6 — team, trace splicers. 

6 — hame buckles and loops. 
12 — i"' halter squares. 

12 — assorted rings. }i" > Vs" and i" black. 
12- — assorted leather slide loops. %", ys" and i". 

2 — trace squares. 

A piece of medium weight leather (^ hide weighs from 
18 to 24 lbs.) 

Farm Rope Work Equipment 

Wooden rope needle. 

Farm Metal Working Equipment 

For Drilling: 

I — brace and drill (included in carpentry equipment). 
I — chain drill. 
I — breast drill. 
I — post drill. 

Drills: /s", 3/16", J4", 5/i6", -/&'', V2" . 
For Vise Work : 

I — hack saw (included in carpentry equipment). 
Yz — doz. punches, assorted sizes. 
Yz — doz. cold chisels, assorted sizes. 
I — box assorted rivets. 

For Work with Taps and Dies : 

I — set Blacksmith's taper taps and dies. \/\", 5/16", 3/8", 7/16", 
1/2". 
For Soldering : 

1 — blow torch. 

2 — soldering coppers (light). 



25 

I — tin snips. 

I — riveting hammer (included in harness repair outfit). 

I — bar solder. 

I — a flux — soldering paste or muriatic acid and zinc. 

Farm Blacksmithing Equipment: 
I — anvil. 

I — Hardie to fit anvil. 
I — forge, blacksmith's, 2 lb. 
I — hammer, machinist's, i lb. 
I — flat tongs. 
I — bolt tongs. 

(cold chisels, drills, riveting hammer, center punch, taps and 
dies, blacksmith's vise, etc., included in other equipment.) 

Farm Plumbing Equipment : 

I — pipe cutter, 3 wheel, cutting J^" to 2". 

I — set of dies. 

I — pipe wrench, 18"'. 

I — -pipe wrench, 12". 

I — pipe vise, capacity ^" to 2.". 



26 



REFERENCE BOOKS AND HELPS IN FARM SHOP WORK, 

(Numbers in parentheses refers to publishers). 
Roehl — Agricultural Woodworking ( i ) . 
Roehl — Farm Woodwork (i). 
Roehl — Harness Repairing and Rope Work (i). 
Roehl — Rope Work (i). 

Burton — Shop Projects based on Community Problems (2). 
Brace and Mayne — Farm Shop Work (3). 
Blackburn — Problems in Farm Woodwork (4). 
Ramsower — Equipment for the Farm an.d Farmstead (2). 
Ekblaw — Farm Structures (5). 
Goss — Bench Work in Wood (2). 
King — Elements of Woodwork and Construction (3). 
Adams and Evans — Metal Working (6). 

Overholt — Ropes and Their Uses (Bulletin Agricultural College 
Extension Service, Ohio State University). 

Blueprints of farm buildings and farm appliances can frequently 
be secured from the Department of Agricultural Engineering, College 
of Agriculture, The Ohio State University. 

Bulletins and circulars from commercial concerns will afford con- 
siderable help, especially in instruction in painting and belt work where 
other sources of information, are limited. 

List of Publishers 

(i) The Bruce Publishing Co., Milwaukee, Wis, 

(2) Ginn & Co., Columbus, Ohio. 

(3) American Book Co., Cincinnati, Ohio. 

(4) Manual Arts Press, Peoria, 111. 

(5) MacMillan Co., Chicago, 111. 

(6) Longman, Green & Co., New York. 



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